| _system | Sql Keyword. Predefined User, Representing The Database Administrator, Who Possesses All Privileges On All Resources Of The Database. |
| 100% Rule | A Rule To Help Clarify A Subclass-superclass Relationship. 100% Of The Superclasses Attributes And Associations Should Be Applicable To The Subclass. See Also ‘is-a Rule’ |
| 14 Database | A Collection Of Related Information Stored In A Structured Format. Database Is Often Used Interchangeably With The Term Table (lotus Approach, For Instance, Uses The Term Database Instead Of Table). Technically, They’re Different: A Table Is A Single Store Of Related Information; A Database Can Consist Of One Or More Tables Of Information That Are Related In Some Way. For Instance, You Could Track All The Information About The Students In A School In A Students Table. If You Then Created Separate Tables Containing Details About Teachers, Classes And Classrooms, You Could Combine All Four Tables Into A Timetabling Database. Such A Multi-table Database Is Called A Relational Database. |
| 1nf | See First Normal Form |
| 2nf | See Second Normal Form |
| 3nf | See Third Normal Form |
| 4nf | See Fourth Normal Form |
| 5nf | See Fifth Normal Form |
| Absolute | Sql Keyword. Used In A ‘fetch’ Statement To Move To A Particular Row Of The Query. |
| Abstract Conceptual Class | A Conceptual Class Is Called Abstract If Every One Of Its Instances Must Also Be An Instance Of One Of Its Subclasses. See Also Concptual Class Partition. |
| Access | See Microsoft Access. |
| Access Manager | Part Of The Dbms That Takes A Plan Produced By The Query Optimiser And Translates It Into Accesses To Pages Of Memory Containing Data. |
| Access Method | A Software Module Providing Data Access And Manipulation Primitives For Each Access Structure. |
| Accessor | A Method Used To Retrieve Data From An Object. |
| Add | Sql Keyword: Command To Add Items To A Composite Object. |
| Additions ( Adds.) | New Names Appended To Your Mailing List. |
| Additive Rule | An Inference Rule For Functional Dependencies. Also Called The Union Rule. If X Y And X Z Then X Yz. Contrast With The Projective Rule. |
| Address Verification Service (avs) | With Avs, The Billing Address Provided By The Buyer During Checkout Is Validated Against The Billing Address On File At The Customer's Card Issuing Bank Or Credit Card Association. The Avs Response Is Added To The Authorization Response And Appears In The Order Review Page. |
| Aggregate Query | An Sql Query That Returns Some Function Of A Collection Of Rows, Rather Than The Rows Themselves. See Count,avg,min,max,sum. |
| Aggregation | A Kind Of Association Used To Model Whole-part Relationships. See Also Composite, Composition, Composite Aggregation. |
| All | Sql Keyword. Used In An Aggregate Query To Summarise All Non-null Values Of An Attribute, With Repetition. Used After Union, Intersect Or Except To Include/exclude All Rows, Irrespective Of Repetition. Used With Nested Queries To Compare An Attribute/attributes With The Rows Returned By The Nested Query, Returning True If All Rows Satisfy The Comparison. |
| All Key Relation | A Relation Whose Key Consists Of All Its Attributes. |
| All Per Select | Not Limiting The Mailing List To One Per Household Or Business. For Example A Law Firm… If You Want To Reach Each Individual Lawyer Or Just The Firm? One Per Would Be The Firm Only And All Per Would Be Each Lawyer At The Firm. |
| Alter | Sql Keyword: Command To Change An Object Specification. |
| Analysis Object Model | See Domain Model. |
| Analysis Patterns | A Tool For Identifying Classes In A Conceptual Model. |
| And | Sql Keyword. Used As A Boolean Operator To Construct The Where Clause Of A Query. |
| Annual Fee | A Fee Charged To Merchants By Some Merchant Account Providers, Which Can Be Used To Lower The Discount Rate. Some Merchant Account Providers Charge A Lower Monthly Fee Instead Of A Higher Annual Fee. |
| Anomaly | An Inconsistency In A Database. See Update Anomaly, Insertion Anomaly, Deletion Anomaly, Modification Anomaly. |
| Any | Sql Keyword. Used With Nested Queries To Compare An Attribute/attributes With The Rows Returned By The Nested Query, Returning True If At Least One Row Satisfies The Comparison. |
| Application Designers | Define And Create Programs For The Database. |
| Application Fee | This Is A Fee For Processing The Application Paperwork And Setting Up A Merchant Account With Some Merchant Account Providers. |
| Are System Generated | Sql-3 Keyword. Used With ‘values For’ To Denote That The Dbms Should Generate Oids In The Given Attribute. |
| Armstrong’s Inference Rules | The Additive, Augmentation And Transitive Rules Taken Together. These Three Are Logically Complete, In That Any Other Valid Inference Rule May Be Derived From Them. |
| Array-sequenced Organisation | A Way Data May Be Arranged In Memory (primary Or Secondary). The Sequence Of Tuples Is Dictated By An Index. |
| As | Sql Keyword. An Optional Keyword Used To Specify Aliases For Attributes Or Tables In A Query. |
| Asc | Sql Keyword. Used With Order By To Denote How The Rows Returned By A Query Are To Be Sorted (ascending). |
| Ascii Comma Delimited | A Specific Way Of Saving Database Records. It Records The Data With Separators Delimiters. Each Field Starts With And Ends With A Quote Mark And May Have A Comma In Between. Each Line Is A New Record. |
| Ascii Fixed Length | A Specific Way Of Saving Database Records. It Records The Data Based On Position. Example, Line 1 Is The First Record, 2 The Second, Etc. The Fields Are Then Based On Position, Regardless Of The Number Of Characters. |
| Assertion | Sql Keyword. Used To Specify A Condition (not Dependent On Any Particular Table) That Must Always Be True Of The Data In The Database. |
| Association | A Relationship Between (instances Of) Types That Indicates Some Meaningful And Interesting Connection. |
| Association Class | A Class Encapsulating (capturing) Information About An Association Between Other Classes. |
| Atomic Data Types | The Most Simple Forms Of Data, Boolean, String, Integer, And So Forth. |
| Attribute | The Name Of A Column Of A Table, Indicating The Meaning Of The Data In That Column. |
| Attribute Preservation Property | The Property Of A Decomposition D = {r1, R2, …, Rk} Of R That The Union Of The Ri Is In Fact R. |
| Augmentation Rule | An Inference Rule For Functional Dependencies. If X Y Then Xz Yz. Sometimes Stated As: If X Y Then Xz Y. |
| Authorization | Sql Keyword Used To Specify The Owner Of A Schema. |
| Authorization Code | A Code Sent By The Issuing Bank Or Credit Card Association Containing Avs And Cvv (if Applicable) Responses As Well As The Approval For The Sale. |
| Authorization Floor | The Amount At Or Below Which Sales Do Not Require An Authorization To Complete The Order. This Amount Is Set In The Settings For Each Payment Processor Linked From The Payment Center. By Default, The Amount Is Low ("10) And Yahoo! Does Not Recommend Raising The Amount As This Can Increase Your Risk Of Processing Fraudulent Orders. |
| Authorization Headroom | The Amount Above An Order Total In An Authorization Request. You Can Adjust This Amount In The Settings For Each Payment Processor Linked From The Payment Center. Whenever You Submit A Transaction (click 'sale' Or 'capture Funds' Depending On Your Processor While Viewing The Order) And The Amount You Charge Is Larger Than The Originally Authorized Amount, The System Must Request A New, Larger Authorization To Match The Sale Amount. This Costs You Several Cents In Transaction Fees (depending On Your Merchant Bank), And May Fail If The Customer Is Close To His Credit Limit. If You Do Not Calculate Tax & Shipping Costs In Real Time For Most Customers, You Should Add Enough Authorization Headroom So That A Second Authorization Is Not Required For Most Customers. |
| Authorization Request | A Message Sent Through Fdms To An Issuing Bank Or Credit Card Association To Verify The Cardholder Has Sufficient Funds Available For The Transaction. If The Transaction Is Approved, Then A Response Is Sent Back To Yahoo! From The Issuing Bank Or Credit Card Association Through Fdms. |
| Authorization Response | A Message Sent By The Issuing Bank Or Credit Card Association Through Fdms To Yahoo! That Contains An Authorization Code And Other Avs And Cvv (if Applicable) Response Codes. |
| Automated Daily Batch Submission | The Process Whereby Batches Are Submitted To Fdms For Settlement. This Process Happens Anywhere Between 6-11 Pm (pst) As Yahoo! Attempts To Balance The Load On The Payment Processor By Staggering The Submission Times. Merchants Can Turn Off This Option In The Settings For Each Payment Processor Linked From The Payment Center. Merchants That Turn Off This Option Must Submit Batches Manually By Clicking The 'submit Batch' Link On The Transaction Panel Of An Order. |
| Avg | Sql Keyword. Used To Perform An Aggregate Query That Returns The Average Value Of An Attribute. |
| Avs | See 'address Verification Service' |
| B+ Tree | A Tree-based Structure Used For Storing Data In A Database, With Extra Links To Facilitate Sequential Access To Data. |
| Bag | An Unordered Collection That Allows Duplicates. |
| Bag-of | O2 Keyword Allowing The Construction Of Bags. |
| Base Relation | A Relation Stored In A Database, With Data That Is Not Calculated From Data In Other Relations. See Also Derived Relation. |
| Batch | A Collection Of Transactions. Batches Can Be Submitted Manually By The Merchant By Clicking The 'submit Batch' Link In The Transaction Panel Or The Order, Or Set To Submit Automatically Between 6-11 Pm P.s.t. Batches Which Are Pending (not Submitted) Cannot Be Reviewed Prior To Submitting. Only Batches That Have Been Submitted Can Be Reviewed. |
| Batch Id | After Settlement, Each Batch Is Assigned An Identification Number By The Payment Processor. Merchants Can Click On The Batch Id Links To Review Transactions In A Particular Batch. Merchants Can Access Batches For Review By Clicking The 'review Batches' Link Appearing In The Transaction Panel Of Individual Order (retrieve Orders > Order #) And Then Clicking The Link For The Batch To Review. |
| Batch Processing | Batches Are Processed Nightly By Default (see Automated Daily Batch Submission). Merchants Can Also Send Batches Manually. Batches Are Submitted To Fdms For Settlement With The Issuing Bank Or Credit Card Association. |
| Bcnf | See Boyce-codd Normal Form. |
| Binary Decomposition | A Decomposition Of A Relation Schema Into Two Relation Schemas. |
| Bit | Sql Keyword: Domain Of Binary Data. Bits, Booleans, Flags, Etc. See Also Varbit. |
| Bottom-up Design | A Design Technique That Begins With A ‘universal Relation’ Containing All Interesting Attributes, And Applies Normalization Algorithms To Create A Useful Design |
| Boyce-codd Normal Form | A Normal Form Similar To But Stronger Than The Third Normal Form, Often Used In Its Place. |
| Bpi | Bytes Per Inch. |
| B-tree | A Tree-based Structure Used For Storing Data In A Database. |
| Bury | Term Used By Blaha To Describe A Strategy For Representing An Association In An Rdbms, By Putting The Primary Key For One Associated Class Into The Table Of The Other. |
| Buyer | A Customer That Places An Order On A Merchant's Site. |
| Byte | Measurable Portion Of Consecutive Binary Digits. Example, An Eight-bit Byte. |
| Callablestatement | A Class In Java.sql Used To Execute Sql Stored Procedures. |
| Candidate Key | A Synonym For Key, In A Relation Schema With More That One Key. |
| Capture | See Settlement |
| Capture Funds (paypal Transactions Only) | Use This Button To Collect Funds From An Order. This Settles The Order And Transfers The Funds To Your Paypal Account. |
| Card Not Present | A Transaction Where The Cardholder Does Not Physically Provide The Card To The Merchant For Processing (online, Phone, Fax Orders). These Transactions Are Typically Charged A Higher Discount Rate Due To The Increased Risk Of Fraud. |
| Card Present | A Transaction Where The Cardholder Presents The Card To The Merchant For Payment As Demonstrated By Swiping The Card Through A Point Of Sale (pos) Terminal Or Imprinting The Credit Card. Lower Fees Are Associated With Card Present Transactions As These Transactions Have A Lower Incidence Of Fraud. |
| Card Verification Value (cvv) | The Three Digit Code Printed In The Signature Panel On The Back Of Visa/mastercard/discover (a Four Digit Code Printed On The Front For American Express). |
| Cardholder | A Person With A Credit Card Account With An Issuing Bank Or Credit Card Association. See Also Buyer. |
| Cardinality | The Number Of Elements Of The Relation (that Is, Rows In The Table) |
| Cartesian Product | Set Of All Ordered Pairs (or Triples Etc) Of Elements From Two (or Three Etc) Sets. |
| Cascade | Sql Keyword. Indicates Behaviour Of The Rdbms When An Object Is Modified (deleted Or Changed) When There Are Other Objects Dependent On It. See Cascade, Set Null, Set Default, No Action, On Update, On Delete. |
| Cascaded | Sql Keyword. Used To Indicate That A ‘check Option’ Added To A View Should Also Apply To The Views Used To Define It (if Any). |
| Casual User | A User Of The Db Who Interact With The Db In Various, Unpredetermined Ways. Often Familiar With The Ddl And Dml. |
| Char | Sql Keyword. Synonym For Character. |
| Character | Sql Keyword: Domain Of Textual Data. See Char, Varchar |
| Chargeback | The Process Initiated By A Cardholder To Dispute A Credit Card Transaction Through Their Issuing Bank Or Credit Card Association. Merchants Must Provide Proof Of Purchase Or Delivery. Merchants Are Advised To Check With Their Merchant Account Provider For Details Concerning Chargebacks. |
| Check | Sql Keyword. Used In The Creation Of Tables To Specify Complex Conditions The Data Must Satisfy. |
| Check Option | Sql Keyword. Used To Ensure That Modifications Made To A View Result In Rows That Still Belong To The View. |
| Class | A Container For Objects. A Class Has An Interface And An Implementation. |
| Class Diagram | A Uml Notation For A Class Or Concept. |
| Class Hierarchy | Aka Generalization-specialization Class Hierarchy. The Way In Which Subclasses And Superclasses Are Organised, With Subclasses Placed Under Their Superclasses. See Software Class Hierarchy. |
| Class.forname | Forname Is A Method Of The Class Class In Java. It Returns An Object Of Type Class Representing The Named Class. A Side Effect Of This Is That The Class Is Loaded Into The Jvm. If The Class Happens To Be A Driver, This In Turn Will Create A Driver Object And Register The Object With The Drivermanager. |
| Client-server Architecture | A Way To Organise Software Using A Dbms And The Dbms Itself So That They Communicate Over A Computer Network With The Dbms Waiting For Requests From The Software. |
| Close | Sql Keyword, Used To Tell The Dbms That The Named Cursor Is No Longer Needed. Syntax: Close Cursorname. |
| Closure | The Closure Of A Set Of Functional Dependencies F Is The Set F+ Of All Functional Dependencies That May Be Inferred From F. |
| Coalescence Rule | An Inference Rule For Fds And Mvds. If X Y And There Exists W Such That Wy Is Empty, Wz And Z Is A Subset Of Y, Then X Z. |
| Column | Sql Keyword: Used In Add, Alter Or Drop To Denote A Column (attribute) Of A Table. |
| Combination | An Unwise Strategy For Representing A One-to-one Association In An Rdmbs, By Merging The Tables Of The Associated Classes. |
| Common Associations List | A Tool Used To Identify Associations For A Domain Model – A List Of Common Types Of Associations. |
| Compilation | The Process Of Optimising A Query And Converting It Into A Sequence Of Page Accesses. |
| Compiled Query | A Query That Has Been Compiled And Stored. (see Compilation) |
| Complementation Rule | For Mvd’s. {x Y} ¦ {x (r – (xy))}. |
| Complete Join | A Natural Join R1r2 In Which Every Tuple Of R1 And R2 Contributes To The Join. |
| Complex Data Type | A Data Type With Some Detailed Structure, For Example A Record, List, Bag Or Set. |
| Composite | The ‘whole’ In A Whole-part Relationship (aggregation). |
| Composite Aggregation | See Composition. |
| Composition | A Form Of Aggregation Where The ‘part’ Is Part Of Only One ‘whole’, And Its Existence And Location And Other Features Are Tied To The Whole. Contrast With Shared Aggregation. |
| Computer Personalization | The Printing Of A Letter Or Other Promotional Piece By The Computer, Using Names, Addresses, Special Phrases Or Other Information Based On Data Contained In One Or More Computer Records. The Objective Is To Give Each Piece The Tailor Made Look Thus Increasing The Response. |
| Computer Service Bureau | A Company, Which Specializes In The Sale Of Data Processing Services To Others, In Lieu Of The Customer Having Or Utilizing An In-house Data Processing Department. |
| Conceptual Class | A Category Of Things In The Real World, Depicted In A Domain Model. |
| Conceptual Class Category List | A Tool To Help Identify Conceptual Classes – A List Of Common Categories Of Conceptual Classes. |
| Conceptual Class Partition | A Division Of A Conceptual Class Into Disjoint Subclasses. |
| Conceptual Data Models | Any Data Model In Which Data Is Described Independently Of The Logical Model Used To Organise The Data, Instead Relating The Data To Real-world Concepts. An Example Is The E-r Model. Usually Used To Help Design The Database. |
| Conceptual Model | See Domain Model. |
| Concurrency | Databases Must Ensure That Data Is Checked When Concurrent Access Is Allowed. Concurrent Access Means More Than One Application Or Thread May Be Reading Or Updating The Same Data At The Same Time. |
| Connect | A Static Method Of Drivermanager Used To Connect To A Database At A Specified Url. |
| Connection | A Class In Java.sql That Represents A Connection Between The Client Software And The Database Server. |
| Constraint | Sql Keyword. Used In Add, Alter Or Drop To Denote A Constraint On A Table. |
| Constraints | Sql Keyword. See ‘set Constraints’. |
| Constructor | A Method Used To Help Create A New Object And Initialise Its Data. |
| Contradiction | A Statement That Cannot Be True. |
| Contravariance | Replacing A Type By A Supertype. See Covariance. |
| Control Source | Microsoft Access Keyword. The Property Of A Form Element That Indicates The Attribute It Should Display. |
| Conversion | The Process Of Changing Records From A Different File Format To A Format, Which Is Identical To That Of A Specific Program. |
| Cost Model | A Formula Or Algorithm For Estimating The ‘cost’ Of A Particular Form Of A Query. Usually Taking Into Account Expected Memory Usage And Time. |
| Count | Sql Keyword. Used In An Aggregate Query To Count The Rows Returned. |
| Counter | Access Sql Keyword. If The Data Type Of An Attribute Is ‘counter’, Then New Tuples Take On Successive Integer Values. Foreign Keys Should Be Of Type Long. See Identifier Domain. |
| Covariance | Replacing A Type By A Subtype. See Contravariance. |
| Cover | A Set Of Functional Dependencies F Covers Another Such Set E, If E Is A Subset Of The Closure Of F. |
| Create | Sql Keyword. Used To Create An Object In Sql. |
| Createstatement | Method Of The Class Connection Used To Create A Statement Object. |
| Credit | A Refund (full Or Partial) Given To A Buyer By A Merchant. Credits Are Used Most Often To Refund An Order After The Merchant Has Submitted And Processed A Batch. The Credit Button Appears On The Transaction Panel Of The Order. |
| Credit Card Association | Visa, Mastercard International, American Express, Discover (novus). Note: While Visa And Mastercard International Are Card Associations, The Payment Processor Works Through Them To The Issuing Bank To Collect Funds. |
| Current Of | Sql Keyword. Used In The Where Clause Of An Update Or Delete Statement To Indicate That The Update Or Delete Should Be Applied To The Current Row Of The Named Cursor. |
| Cursor | A Mechanism In Sql For Allowing A Set Of Tuples To Be Manipulated One By One. |
| Cursor For | Sql Keyword Used To Declare A Cursor. Syntax: Declare Cursorname |
| Cvv | See Card Verification Value |
| Dangling Tuple | In An Incomplete Natural Join R1r2, The Tuples Of R1 And R2 Which Do Not Contribute To Tuples Of The Join |
| Dao | Data Access Object. One Of Two Ways For Microsoft Access To Read Data From Other Databases. See Also ‘link Tables’. |
| Data | Bits And Bytes And Strings That Have No Meaning In And Of Themselves. |
| Data Access Object | See Dao |
| Data Definition | The Process Of Defining, Or Describing, The Data To Be Stored. This Will Involve Specifying The Data Type (text, Number, Date), The Field Size, And How It Is Related To Other Tables. |
| Data Definition Language | Used To Define The Logical, External And Physical Schemas And Access Rights. |
| Data Dictionary | A Collection Of Information Stored In The Dbms About What Objects Exist. |
| Data Entry | The Process Of Getting Information Into A Database, Usually Done By People Typing It In By Way Of Data-entry Forms Designed To Simplify The Process. |
| Data Independence | The Property Of A Dbms That Allows Users And Programs To Refer To Data At A Level Of Abstraction That Ignores The Actual Implementation Of The Db. Cf Physical And Logical Independence. |
| Data Manipulation | This Term Describes Any Work Done On Existing Data Within Your Tables. Sorting And Extracting Data And Producing Reports From It Would All Be Examples Of Data Manipulation. |
| Data Manipulation Language | Used To Query And Update Data To The Database. |
| Data Model | A Combination Of Constructs Used To Organise Data. |
| Data Type | See Simple Attribute. |
| Database | A Collection Of Related Information Stored In A Structured Format. A Database Is Technically Different From A Table. A Table Is A Single Store Of Related Information; A Database Can Consist Of One Or More Tables Of Information That Are Related In Some Way. For Instance, You Could Track All The Information About The Students In A School In A Students Table. If You Then Created Separate Tables Containing Details About Teachers, Classes And Classrooms, You Could Combine All Four Tables Into A Timetabling Database. Such A Multi-table Database Is Called A Relational Database. |
| Database Administrator | Responsible For The Design, Control And Administration Of A Db. |
| Database Client | A Program That Connects To A Database Server In Order To Use The Database Controlled By The Server. |
| Database Garbage Collection | Garbage Collection Is The Process Of Destroying Objects That Are No Longer Referenced, And Freeing The Resources Those Objects Used. In Java There Is A Background Process That Performs Garbage Collection. Requires Bi-directional Object Relationships. Determines If The Database Performs Garbage Collection On Objects That Are No Longer Referenced By The Database. This Keeps External Programs From Having To Track The Use Of Object Pointers. |
| Database Instance | A Database, In The Second Sense |
| Database Management System | See Dbms |
| Database Server | A Program That Awaits Connections From A Database Client, Processes Commands From The Client, And Returns Results From The Database. |
| Databasemetadata | A Class In Java.sql That Contains Information About The Database Server. |
| Date | Sql Keyword. Domain Of Date Values. See Also Timestamp. |
| Day | Sql Keyword. Used To Specify Interval Attributes. |
| Db | See Database. |
| Dba | See Database Administrator. |
| Dbms | Database Management System. A Program Which Lets You Manage Information In Databases. Microsoft Access Is A Dbms, Although The Term Is Often Shortened To ‘database’. So, The Same Term Is Used To Apply To The Program You Use To Organize Your Data And The Actual Data Structure You Create With That Program. |
| Ddl | See Data Definition Language. |
| De | Dupe - The Process Of Taking A Database File And Eliminating Duplicate Records. Options Include Identical Record Deletion, Name And Address Deletion, Multiple Addresses Deletion, Two Records At Same Address, But Different Names Deletion. |
| Deallocate Prepare | Sql Keyword. Used To Indicate That A Previously Prepared Sql Command Is No Longer Needed. Syntax: Deallocate Prepare Commandname |
| Decimal | Sql Keyword. Synonym For Numeric. |
| Decision Tree | A Tree Structure Representing The Various Decisions That Need To Be Made By The Query Optimiser. See ‘execution Plan’ |
| Declarativeness | The Existence In A System Of A High-level Query Language. |
| Declare | Sql Keyword. Used To Declare Cursors. |
| Decomposition | A Collection D = {r1, R2, …, Rk} Of Relation Schemas That Together Contain All The Attributes Of A Larger Relation Schema R. |
| Decomposition Algorithm | An Algorithm For Decomposing A Relation Into Smaller Relations That Satisfy Some Normal Form. An Example Is Elmasari Algorithm 15.3. Contrast With ‘relational Synthesis Algorithm’ |
| Decomposition Rule | See Projective Rule. |
| Deep Equality | The Two Objects Must Have Identical Values When Oids In Their Structure Are Recursively Substituted With The Structure Of The Objects They Reference. See Superficial Equality, Identical. |
| Default | Sql Keyword. Used To Specify The Default Value Of An Attribute Or Domain. |
| Deferred | Sql Keyword. Used With ‘set Constraints’ To Specify That A Constraint Should Only Be Checked After A Full Transaction Is Completed. |
| Degree (of A Relation) | The Number Of Terms In The Cartesian Product. |
| Delete | Sql Keyword. Denotes The Privilege Of Being Able To Delete Rows From A Table Or View. |
| Deletion Anomaly | An Inconsistency Introduced Into A Badly Designed Database When Data Is Deleted Without Taking Into Account The Bad Design. |
| Denormalization | The Process Of Transforming A Database Schema Into One Satisfying Only A Lower Normal Form, Usually By Storing Joins Of Tables Directly Instead Of As Views, For Performance Reasons. |
| Dependecy Preservation Property | A Desirable Property Of A Database Schema That All Functional Dependencies Are Represented Within Some Individual Relations Within The Schema. |
| Dependency | A Dependency Between Two Package Exists If One Package References Elements Of The Other. |
| Dependent Class | A Class Whose Objects Cannot Exist Without Some Other Objects Also Existing. See ‘flow Of Identity’ |
| Deposit | The Amount Credited To A Merchant's Bank Account From The Settled Transactions In A Batch Minus Any Fees. |
| Dereferencing | Accessing Data In An Object Referenced By An Attribute. |
| Derived Attribute | An Attribute Of A Class Which May Be Derived From Other Attributes Or From The Nature Of Associations Between Objects Of The Class And Other Objects. |
| Derived Element | An Element (attribute Or Association) That May Be Derived From Other Elements In The Domain Model. |
| Derived Relation | A Relation Which Is Calculated From Other Relations In The Database. See Also Base Relation, Materialized View, Virtual Relation, View. |
| Desc | Sql Keyword. Used With ‘order By’ To Denote How The Rows Returned By A Query Are To Be Sorted (descending). |
| Design Creep | The (poor) Practice Of Making Design And Implementation Decisions During The Analysis Phase. |
| Destructor | A Method Used To Cancel (destroy) An Object, And Possibly Other Linked Objects. |
| Dictionary | See Data Dictionary. |
| Difference (between Two Relations) | The Difference R1 – R2 Is The Set Of All Tuples Belonging To R1 But Not To R2. |
| Difference Of Two Relations | {x: Xr1 And Xr2} |
| Discount Rate | The Percentage Of Order Totals Merchant Account Providers Charge Merchants For Settlement Of Transactions. The Percentage Is Usually Low (2-3%) But Rates Vary Based On Merchant Account Provider And The Risk Level Associated With The Transaction. |
| Disk | A Flat Circular Plate With A Magnetic Surface On Which Data May Be Magnetically Recorded And Retrieved. Example, 3 ½” X 5 ¼” Floppy Zip Disk. |
| Distinct | Sql Keyword. Used In An Aggregate Query To Summarise Distinct Non-null Values Of An Attribute. |
| Distinct Table | A Phrase Used In Blaha To Indicate That An Association Should Be Represented By A Table In The Rdbms Distinct From The Tables For The Classes. |
| Distributed Architecture | Object Are Sharing In A Distributed Environment Or The Entire Database May Be Replicated On Multiple Computers. |
| Dml | Data Manipulation Language Separate From Programming Languages (for Rdbms) And Used As A Means Of Getting And Storing Data In The Database. |
| Domain | Sql Keyword Specifying That An Operation Acts On A Domain Object. |
| Domain (of A Relation) | One Of The Sets Used To Form The Cartesian Product Of Which The Relation Is A Subset. That Is, The Type Of Data That Appears In A Column Of A Table. |
| Domain Constraint | (also Value Constraint). A Form Of Tuple Constraint Which Specifies Allowable Values Of Particular Attribute (eg Mark Must Be Between 0 To 100). |
| Domain Model | A Visual Representation Of Conceptual Classes Of Real-world Objects In A Domain Of Interest. |
| Domain Object Model | See Domain Model. |
| Double Precision | Sql Keyword For Double Precision Values. See Also Float, Real. |
| Double-dot Notation | Notation In Sql-3 (..) Used To Access Subcomponents Of The Object Stored In An Attribute. |
| Driver | A Software Component Allowing A Software System To Use Databases Stored On Dbmss By A Particular Vendor. |
| Driver Manager | Software That Is Aware Of The Available Drivers On A System, And Is Able To Load The Correct Drivers To Handle Requests As The Requests Arrive. |
| Driver Package | A Software Component That May Be Incorporated Into Database Client Software, Allowing It To Use A Particular Driver. |
| Drivermanager | A Class In Java.sql That Provides A Driver Manager. |
| Drop | Sql Keyword. Command To Delete An Object. |
| Dump | A Printed Sample Of The Contents Of A Data File, Typically A Magnetic Tape For Purposes Of Review Of The Data. |
| Duplicate | A Repeated Name Within A List Or Between Two Or More Lists. A Pair Of Records Between Which A Sufficient Match Exists To Meet The Requirements Of Any Duplicator Rule Which Is In Effect. |
| Durability | The Capacity Of A System To Support Persistent Data. |
| Dynamic Lookup | See Late Binding. |
| Dynamic Properties | That Part Of A Class Or Type Definition That Describes The Behaviour Of The Objects (that Is, The Methods). |
| Dynamic Sql | Sql Statements That Are Generated And Used By A Program At Runtime Rather Than Compile Time. |
| Ebcdic (extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) | Pronounced Eb-sa-dick. This Is An Eight-bit Configuration Used To Represent Up To 256 Separate Characters, Alpha, Numeric And Special Characters. Ebcdic Is Used As The Language Of Mainframe Computers For Storage And Data Processing. |
| Edit | Updating A Record In A File. |
| Elementary Domain | The Basic Domains (datatypes) Available In Sql. |
| Elimination | A Strategy For Representing Single Inheritance In An Rdbms By Simply Ignoring Subclasses With No Extra Attributes. |
| Embedded Sql | Sql Statements Inserted Into A Program Written In A General-purpose Programming Language. The Program Must Be Processed By A Pre-processor Before Being Compiled. |
| Encapsulation | The Ability, In A System, To Hide Data Inside Objects And Only Allow Access To The Data Via Public Methods. |
| End User | Uses The Database In Fixed, Routine, Predefined Ways. |
| Entity-relationship Model | An Example Of A Conceptual Data Model. |
| Entry Sql | Basic Level Sql Implemented In All Commercial Rdbmss |
| Entry-sequenced Organisation | A Way Data May Be Arranged In Memory (primary Or Secondary). The Sequence Of Tuples Is Dictated By The Order Of Entry. |
| Enumeration Domain | A Data Type Allowing A Few Fixed Values. Eg, (“mon”, “tue”, … , “sun”). |
| Enumeration Encoding | A Correspondence Of Enumeration Values To Numbers. |
| Enumeration String | A String Corresponding To A Value Of An Enumeration Domain. |
| Enumeration Table | A Table In An Rdbms Containing The Allowed Values Of An Enumeration. |
| Equality | See Superficial Equality And Deep Equality. |
| Equi-join | A Theta Join Where The Tuples Of The Cartesian Product Are Selected According To A Number Of Equalities Between Attributes. |
| Equivalent | Two Sets E And F Of Functional Dependencies Are Equivalent If Their Closures Are Equal. |
| E-r Model | See Entity-relationship Model. |
| Except | Sql Keyword. Used To Find The ‘difference’ Of The Output Of Two Sql ‘select’ Statements (queries). |
| Exec Sql | Typical Keyword Used To Embed Sql Statements In A General Purpose Programming Language. |
| Execute | Sql Keyword. Used To Execute A Previously Prepared Sql Command. Contrast With ‘execute Immediate’. Syntax: Execute Commandname |
| Execute Immediate | Sql Keyword. Causes The Immediate Execution Of An Sql Command Contained In A Given String. Syntax: Execute Immediate Sqlstring. Used To Make Dynamic Sql Possible. |
| Executequery | A Method Of The Class Statement Used To Send A Select Statement To A Database Server. |
| Executeupdate | A Method Of The Class Statement Used To Send Any Statement Except A Select Statement To A Database Server. |
| Execution Plan | A Set Of Choices That Might Be Made By A Query Optimiser. Represented By A Leaf Node Of A Decision Tree, That Is, By A Path Through The Decision Tree. |
| Existence-based Identity | Objects Are Distinguished Via An Object Identifier, That Is, In The Rdbms, An Extra Field Is Added To Each Table To Contain The Id Of The Object. |
| Exists | Sql Keyword. Used With Nested Queries. Exists (query) Returns True If Query Returns At Least One Row. |
| Extensibility | The Ability To Define New Types Or Classes Based On Existing Ones. |
| Extension | The Set Of Examples Of A Conceptual Class |
| Extensional Component (of A Database) | The State Or Instance. |
| Extent | See ‘class’ |
| External | Sql-3 Keyword. Used As Part Of A ‘returns’ Statement To Indicate Thyat A Function Is Defined Outside The Dbms In A General Purpose Language. Syntax: ‘returns Type As External Name Filename Language Language’ |
| External Schema | A Particular View Of The Database As Presented To A Particular User. |
| Fat Relation | A Relation With Many Attributes. |
| Fault Tolerance | Features That Provide For Fault Tolerence In The Event Of A Hardware Of Software Failure. Normally Transaction Processing Provides Software Fault Tolerance. Data Replication To Other Servers On The Network Supports Hardware Fault Tolerance. |
| Fdms | See First Data Merchant Services |
| Fetch | Sql Keyword. Used To Retrieve Data From A Query Via A Cursor. Syntax: Fetch |
| Field | Fields Describe A Single Aspect Of Each Member Of A Table. A Student Record, For Instance, Might Contain A Last Name Field, A First Name Field, A Date Of Birth Field And So On. All Records Have Exactly The Same Structure, So They Contain The Same Fields. The Values In Each Field Vary From Record To Record, Of Course. |
| Field Name | The Label, Or Name, Given To A Field. |
| Fifth Normal Form | The Information Content Of The Database Cannot Be Reconstructed From Smaller Record Types, That Is, Record Types With Smaller Numbers Of Attributes Than The Original. |
| File | A Collection Of Records On A Single Storage Device. |
| File Maintenance | The Activity Of Keeping A File Up To Date By Adding, Changing Or Deleting Data. Synonymous With List Maintenance. |
| First | Sql Keyword. Used In ‘fetch’ To Retrieve The First Row Of The Query. |
| First Data Merchant Services (fdms) | Yahoo! Merchant Solutions Uses Fdms As Both The Gateway And Payment Processor. Yahoo! Merchant Solutions Is Integrated To Work Only With Fdms Nashville Platform (formerly Envoy). All Merchants Must Use Merchant Account Provider That Are Compatible With Fdms Nashville Platform In Order To Process Orders Online. Fdms Requests Authorizations From Issuing Banks And Credit Card Associations And Passes The Authorization Response Back To Yahoo! Merchant Solutions During Checkout. Fdms Also Processes The Batches With Merchant Transactions When Submitted And Facilitates The Settlement Whereby Funds Are Transferred From The Issuing Bank/credit Card Association Associated With The Order To The Merchant Account Provider Where The Merchant Has An Account. |
| First Normal Form (1nf) | There Should Be No Repeating Groups In A Table. |
| Flat File | A Database That Consists Of A Single Table. Lightweight Database Programs Such As The Database Component In Microsoft Works Are Sometimes Called ‘flat-file Managers’ (or List Managers) Because They Can Only Handle Single-table Databases. More Powerful Programs, Such As Filemaker Pro, Access, Approach And Paradox, Can Handle Multi-table Databases, And Are Called Relational Database Managers, Or Rdbmss. |
| Float | Sql Keyword. Domain Of Floating Point Values. See Also Double Precision, Real. |
| Flow Of Identity | Notation Added To The Uml Diagram Of The Domain Model Indicating Which Objects Or Classes Derive Identity (existence Etc) From Which Others. Identity Flow Is Indicated With An Arrow From A Dependent Class To An Independent Class. See Independent Class, Dependent Class. |
| For | Sql Keyword. Part Of The Syntax For ‘cursor’ Declaration. |
| Foreign Key | A Key Used In One Table To Represent The Value Of A Primary Key In A Related Table. While Primary Keys Must Contain Unique Values, Foreign Keys May Have Duplicates. For Instance, If We Use Student Id As The Primary Key In A Students Table (each Student Has A Unique Id), We Could Use Student Id As A Foreign Key In A Courses Table: As Each Student May Do More Than One Course, The Student Id Field In The Courses Table (often Shortened To Courses.student Id) Will Hold Duplicate Values. |
| Foreign Key Attribute | A (poor Choice) Attribute Which Is A Piece Of Text Or Similar Basic Data Type Which Actually Refers To A Complex Object. Should Be Removed And Replaced With An Association. |
| Foreign Key Constraint | See Referential Constraint. |
| Form | A Page Of A Graphical User Interface Used To Display The Results Of A Query. |
| Format/layout | A Written, Field-by-field Description Of The Data Contained In A Record, Typically Describing Each Field As To Its Length, Beginning And Ending Positions, Name Editing Characteristics And Data Format. |
| Fourth Generation Language | A Highly Sophisticated Development Tool Allowing Easy Creation Of Database Management Applications. |
| Fourth Normal Form | A Record Type Should Satisfy 3nf, And Should Not Contain More Than One Independent `mutivalued Fact’ About A Key. |
| From | Sql Keyword. Used To Construct Queries. Specifies What Tables The Attributes Are Selected From. |
| Full Functional Dependency | A Functional Dependency X Y Where X’ Y Does Not Hold For Any Proper Subset X’ Of X. See Also ‘partial Dependency’, ‘second Normal Form’ |
| Full Outer Join | An Outer Join R1 Full R2 Where Dangling Tuples From Both R1 And R2 Are Padded With Blanks And Inserted Into The Join. |
| Full Sql | Implementing Even The Most Advanced And Newest Features Of The Sql Standard. |
| Function | Sql-3 Keyword Used To Manipulate (create Etc) Functions. |
| Functional Dependency | A Field (or Set Of Fields) A Is Functionally Dependent On A Set Of Fields X If It Is Invalid To Have Two Records With The Same Values For X But Different Values For A. |
| Functions | Terminology Used In Sql-3 For Methods. |
| Galley Listing | A Computer Printout Of Data On Paper. Two-line And Six-line Galley Formats Are Standard. The Two-line Format Lists Names And Address, Plus Minimal Other Data. The Six-line Format Is Much More Comprehensive. |
| Gateway | The System Consisting Of Hardware And Software Which Connects The Merchant's Shopping Cart With The Payment Processor By Translating The Information From The Shopping Cart Format Into A Format Accepted By The Payment Processor To Request An Authorization Or Settlement From The Issuing Bank Or Credit Card Association. Yahoo! Store Provides Merchants A Gateway To Fdms. |
| Generalization | Identifying Commonality Among Concepts And Defining A More General Concept Encompassing Them. See Superclass, Specialization. |
| Generalization Table | A Table In An Rdbms Used To Indicate Which Classes Are Subclasses Of Which Superclasses. |
| Generalization-specialization Class Hierarchy | See Class Hierarchy. |
| Getcolmunname | A Method Of Resultsetmetadata That Returns The Name Of A Given Column. |
| Getcolumncount | A Method Of Resultsetmetadata That Returns The Number Of Columns Of The Resultset. |
| Getcolumntype | A Method Of Resultsetmetadata That Returns A Code Representing The Type Of Data Stored In A Given Column. |
| Getcolumntypename | A Method Of Resultsetmetadata Returning A String Representing The Type Of Data Stored In A Given Column. |
| Getmetadata | A Method Applied To A Resultset Object That Returns The Resultsetmetadata Associated With The Resultset. |
| Getresultset | A Method Of Statement To Retrieve The Most Recently Generated Resultset. Usually Used After An Execute Statement Was Performed With A Select Query As The Argument. |
| Getstring | A Method Of Resultset That Returns The Data In The Current Row Of The Given Column. See Also Next. Methods Getfloat, Getint, Getbigdecimal Etc Also Exist (see Box On Ric P191). |
| Gettimedatefunctions | A Method Applied To A Databasemetadata Object To Discover The Time And Date Functions Available On The Database Server. |
| Getupdatecount | A Method Of Statement Used To Determine The Number Of Rows Affected By The Most Recent Update Or Delete Query. Usually Used After The Execute Method Is Used To Send On Non-select Sql Command To The Database. |
| Getusername | A Method Applied To A Databasemetadata Object To Discover The Username. |
| Grant | Sql Keyword. Used To Give A Privilege On A Resource To A User. Syntax: Grant Priv On Res To User |
| Group By | Sql Keyword. Used To Modify An Aggregate Query To Partition The Rows According To The Values Of Given Attributes Before Doing The Calculations Required By The Aggregate Query. See |
| Hard Goods | Material Goods That Are Shipped To A Buyer. Compare To Soft Goods |
| Hash Join | A ‘join Method’ Where A Hash Function Is Used To Identify Matching Tuples In The Two Tables. |
| Hash-based Structure | Data Is Arranged In Memory Via A Hash Table Structure. |
| Having | Sql Keyword. Similar To ‘where’, It Specifies A Boolean Condition That Must Be Satisfied By The Rows Finally Returned From An Aggregate Query With A ‘group By’ Clause. |
| Heterogeneous Environment | Cross Platform Support - The Database May Be Able To Run On Various Builds Of Computers And With Various Operating Systems. |
| Hierarchical Data Model | A Data Model Using Tree Structures To Organise Data. |
| Host Language | A High-level Language In Which Ddl Or Dml Commands May Be Embedded. |
| Hour | Sql Keyword. Used To Specify Interval Attributes. |
| Identical | Objects In An Oodbms Such As O2 Are Identical If They Share The Same Oid. See Also Superficial Equality, Deep Equality. |
| Identifier Domain | An Rdbms Specific Domain Allowing Easy Allocation Of New Object Identifiers. See Counter, Sequence. |
| Identity | The Manner In Which Individual Objects Are Distinguished In An Rdbms. See Value-based Identity, Existence-based Identity. |
| Immediate | Sql Keyword. Used With ‘set Constraints’ To Indicate That A Given Constraint Should Be Immediately Checked After Every Step Of A Transaction, Not Merely When The Whole Transaction Is Completed. |
| Impedance Mismatch | The Fact That An Sql Query Returns Whole Blocks Of Data, But High-level General-purpose Languages Generally Can Only Handle Single Items Of Data One At A Time – And The Problem Of Using The Two Approaches Together. |
| Implementation (of A Class) | The Implementation Of The Methods Of A Class. Sometimes Also Descriptions Of The Data Structures To Be Used For Storing Its Data. |
| Implementation (of A Method) | See ‘method Implementation’. |
| Import | The Method For Bringing Data Into Your Program. Software Packages Record Their Data Using Their Own Method. To Allow Outside Data To Be Imported Into Your Software Package, They Support A Number Of |
| In | Sql Keyword. Used With Nested Queries. Attr In (query) Is Equivalent To Attr = Any (query). |
| Incomplete Join | A Natural Join R1r2 Where Not Every Tuple Of R1 And R2 Contributes To A Tuple Of The Join. See: Dangling Tuple. |
| Independent Class | A Class Whose Objects Exist “independently”, That Is, They Do Not Depend On Other Classes For Their Existence Or Identity. See ‘flow Of Identity’ |
| Independent Multivalued Fact | Two Multivalued Facts Are Independent If The Actual Values For One Fact Do Not Affect The Possible Or Actual Values Of Another. See ‘fourth Normal Form’ |
| Index | A Summary Table Which Lets You Quickly Look Up The Contents Of Any Record In A Table. Think Of How You Use An Index To A Book: As A Quick Jumping Off Point To Finding Full Information About A Subject. A Database Index Works In A Similar Way. You Can Create An Index On Any Field In A Table. Say, For Example, You Have A Customer Table Which Contains Customer Numbers, Names, Addresses And Other Details. You Can Make Indexes Based On Any Information, Such As The Customers’ Customer Number, Last Name + First Name (a Composite Index Based On More Than One Field), Or Postal Code. Then, When You’re Searching For A Particular Customer Or Group Of Customers, You Can Use The Index To Speed Up The Search. This Increase In Performance May Not Be Noticeable In A Table Containing A Hundred Records; In A Database Of Thousands Of Records It Will Be A Blessing. |
| Indexed Access | Access To Data Via An Index. |
| Indivisible Data Type | A Synonym For Atomic Data Type. |
| Infer | Deduce Logically. Used In Elmasari To Refer Specifically To Functional Dependencies. A Functional Dependency X Y Can Be Inferred From A Set F Of Functional Dependency If X Y Can Be Deduced Logically From F Via The Application Of Various Inference Rules. |
| Inference Rules | A Rule That May Be Used To Infer Functional Dependencies From Others. See Reflexive Rule, Augmentation Rule, Transitive Rule, Projective Rule, Additive Rule, Pseudotransitive Rule. |
| Information | Data Within A Context That Provides It With Meaning. |
| Information System | The Procedures Whereby Information Within An Organization Is Managed. |
| Inheritance | Objects Inherit Attributes From Parent Objects. |
| Inner Join | Sql Keyword: Used To Join Two Tables Before Selecting From Them. See Join. |
| Input | (1) Information Or Data Which Must Be Read By A Peripheral Device And Transferred From Some External Storage Medium, Such As Cards Or Magnetic Tape, Into Internal Storage Of The Computer For Processing And, |
| Input Parameter | Data That Is Received By A Method At The Time It Is Called. |
| Insert | Sql Keyword. Denotes The Privilege Of Being Able To Add Data To A Table Or View. |
| Insert Into | Sql Keyword. Used To Add Data To A Table. |
| Insertion Anomaly | An Inconsistency Introduced Into A Badly Designed Database When New Data Is Inserted Without Taking Into Account The Bad Design. |
| Instance (of A Database) | The Values Stored Within The Database At A Particular Time. |
| Integer | Sql Keyword. Domain Of Integers. See Also Numeric, Decimal, Smallint. |
| Integrity Constraint | A Property That Must Be Satisfied By All Correct Database Instances. See Predicate, Intra-relational Constraint, Inter-relational Constraint. |
| Intension | The Definition Of A Conceptual Class |
| Intensional Component (of A Database) | The Schema. |
| Interface | The ‘type’ Of A Class. A Description Of Its Data And Method Signatures. |
| Intermediate Sql | Features Of Sql That Are Commonly Used In Commercial Products. |
| Internal Schema | The Implementation Of The Logical Schema By Means Of Physical Storage Structures (files, Etc). |
| Inter-record Redundancy | A Redundancy In The Database Schema That Does Not Arise Within A Single Relation Taken Alone. |
| Inter-relational Constraint | An Integrity Constraint That Involves More Than One Relation Of The Database (eg Studentnumber In Exams Must Match A Value Of Studentnumber In Students). Contrast With Intra-relational Constraint. |
| Intersect | Sql Keyword. Used To Find The Intersection Of The Output O Two Select Statements (queries). |
| Intersection | The Intersection Of Two Relations R1 And R2 Is The Set Of Tuples Belonging To Both R1 And R2 (contrast With Union Or Difference). |
| Interval | Sql Keyword, Domain Of Time Intervals. |
| Into | Sql Keyword. Part Of The Syntax Of ‘fetch’. |
| Intra-relational Constraint | A Form Of Integrity Constraint That Is Defined With Reference To A Single Relation Or Table In The Database. Examples Are Tuple Constraints And Domain Or Value Constraints. Contrast With Inter-relational Constraint. |
| Invocation | See ‘method Invocation’. |
| Is | Sql Keyword: Used In The Where Clause Of A Query: “is Null” Or “is Not Null”. |
| Is-a Rule | A Rule To Help Clarify A Subclass-superclass Relationship. Instances Of A Subclass Must Also Be Instances Of A Superclass. |
| Issuing Bank | Any Visa/mastercard Member Bank Which Issues Cards To Cardholders. The Issuing Bank Collects Funds For Purchases From The Cardholder. |
| Java Database Connectivity | See Jdbc. |
| Java.sql | A Standard Package In Java Allowing Use Of Jdbc. |
| Jdbc | Java Database Connectivity. A Method, Similar To Odbc, For Allowing Java Programs To Connect To Database Servers. |
| Jdbc-odbc Bridge | Software That Is Able To Translate Commands Sent To Jdbc And Forward Them On To An Odbc Driver. |
| Join | Sql Keyword: Used To Join Two Tables Before Selecting From Them. See Inner Join, Left Join, Right Join, Full Join. |
| Join Method | A Method The Dbms Can Use To Accomplish A Join. See ‘nested Loop’, ‘merge Scan’, ‘hash Join’. |
| Key | A Minimal Superkey. That Is, A Set Of Attributes A On A Relation R, Such That There Is No Two Distinct Tuples T1 And T2 Of R With T1 |
| Key Constraint | An (intra-relational) Integrity Constraint Ensuring That A Selected Set Of Attributes Forms A (super)key. |
| Key Field | Key Fields Are Also Used In Relational Databases To Maintain The Structural Integrity Of Your Tables, Helping You To Avoid Problems Such As Duplicate Records And Conflicting Values In Fields (see Primary Key And Foreign Key). |
| Key Only | Data Entry Without Verification. This Is A Character-by-character Verification Performed After The Input Has Been Keyed. A Second Operator Re-keys The Data To Be Verified And The Machine Compares The Second Keying To The First. Discrepancies Cause The Machine To Stop Until The Operator Chooses Which Version Of A Keyed Character Is The Correct One. |
| Language | Sql-3 Keyword. Used As Part Of The Syntax For ‘external’ To Indicate What Language The External Function Is Written In. |
| Last | Sql Keyword. Used In A ‘fetch’ Statement To Retrieve The Last Row Of A Query. |
| Late Binding | A Feature Of An Oo System, Where The Method To Be Used Is Only Decided At Runtime, Not At Compile Time. Allows Method Overloading And Overriding To Work Nicely. Also Called ‘dynamic Lookup’ |
| Left [outer] Join | Sql Keyword: Used To Join Two Tables Before Selecting From Them. See Join. |
| Left Outer Join | An Outer Join R1 Left R2 Where Dangling Tuples From R1 Are Padded With Blanks And Inserted Into The Join. |
| Legal Extension | An Extension Of A Relation Schema That Satisfies The (functional Dependency) Constraints. Also Called Legal Relation State. |
| Legal Relation State | See ‘legal Extension’. |
| Like | Sql Keyword: Used As An Operator To Construct The Where Clause Of A Query. Specifies That A String Attribute Must Match (be Like) A Certain Pattern. |
| Link Attribute | An Attribute Of An Association. |
| Link Tables | A Menu Item In Microsoft Access Allowing The Access Database To Gain Access To External Sources Of Data. See Also Dao. |
| List | An Ordered Collection Of Objects Of The Same Type, Allowing Duplicates. |
| List Maintenance | Any Manual, Mechanical Or Electronic System For Keeping Name-and-address Records Up-to-date. |
| List-of | O2 Keyword Allowing The Construction Of Lists. |
| Local | Sql Keyword. Used To Indicate That A ‘check Option’ On A View Should Only Apply To The View Itself, Not To Pther Views That Were Used To Define It. |
| Logical Data Model | Any Data Model Where A Particular Method Of Organisation Is Used To Organise Data. Examples Are The Relational, Hierarchical, Network And Object Data Models. |
| Logical Independence | (see Data Independence) The Interaction With The Data Does Not Depend On The Logical Arrangement Of Data Within The Database. |
| Logical Schema | A Description Of A Database According To The Appropriate Logical Data Model. |
| Lossless Join Property | A Vital Property Of A Database Schema, That Joins Do Not Introduce Spurious Tuples. Also Called The Non-additive Join Property. |
| Lost | Some Functional Dependencies Are Lost If The Dependency Preservation Property Is Not Satisfied By A Decomposition. |
| Mag Tape | Magnetic Tape Or Nine Track Tape. A Method Of Storing Data Used Primarily In Mainframes. Requires A Mag Tape Drive. They Hold A Vast Amount Of Data Per Tape And Come In A Variety Of Reel Sizes, Densities, Bpi And Formats. |
| Mail Merge | The Process Of Merging Your Mailing List With Your Mail Piece. Instead Of The Generic Dear Friend Letters With An Address Label, It Is Personalized On The Letter. Can Also Include Coupons, Check And Other Direct Mail Pieces. |
| Many-to-many Association | An Association Between Two Classes A And B, Where Each A Can Be Associated With Many B’s, And Vice Versa. See Multiplicity. |
| Match Code | A Programmatic Extract From The Name And Address Information That Is The Identifier Used To Access A Specific Record On A File. The Match Code Is Also An Integral Part Of Match Data Used In Identifying Duplicates. |
| Materialized View | A Derived Relation Whose Data Is Actually Stored In The Database. Contrast With Virtual Relation (view) |
| Max | Sql Keyword. Used To Perform An Aggregate Query That Returns The Maximum Value Of An Attribute. |
| Member (of A Class) | An Object Contained In The Class. The Object Will Also Simultaneously Be Members Of All The Classes Superclasses. Contrasted With ‘instance’ |
| Merchant | A Business That Sells Goods Or Services. |
| Merchant Account | A Relationship Between A Merchant Account Provider And A Merchant For The Purpose Of Conducting Online Payment Processing. A Merchant Account Is Not Required To Open For Business With Yahoo! Store, However You Will Not Be Able To Use Risk Tools For Fraud Screening Without A Merchant Account. Merchants Can Sign Up For Or Set Up An Existing Paypal Business Account In Lieu Of A Merchant Account. Learn More About Paypal Express Checkout |
| Merchant Account Number | The Number Assigned By The Merchant Account Provider To The Merchant's Bank Account (similar To The Account Number Which Appears Imprinted Along The Bottom Of Checks). The Merchant Account Number And Merchant Identification Are Two Different Numbers. This Number Is Required To Set Up Online Processing Through Fdms. |
| Merchant Account Provider | A Merchant Bank That Facilitates Authorizing And Settling Online Credit Card Payments Of Buyers For Merchants. Merchants Can Select Paypal Website Payments Pro, The Yahoo! Store Preferred Provider, Bank Of America Merchant Services, Or Sign Up For Or Set Up An Existing Merchant Account As Long As The Merchant Account Provider Is Compatible With The Fdms Nashville Platform. |
| Merchant Identification Number (mid) | The Unique Number Assigned By The Merchant Account Provider To A Merchant. Fdms Uses This Number To Identify The Merchant During Authorization And Settlement. Typically, The Number Is Seven Digits Long Not Including Any Leading Zeroes. This Number Is Required To Set Up Online Processing Through Fdms. |
| Merchants Can Disable Real | Time Authorization In Order To Charge Orders Automatically Or Collect Credit Card Information For Processing Offline (such As When Fdms Is Unavailable). Yahoo! Does Not Recommend Disabling Real-time Authorization As This Can Significantly Increase The Risk Of Processing Fraudulent Orders. |
| Merge | The Process Of Reading Two Or More Files That Are In The Same Processing Sequence And File Format. Or Writing All Of The Records From Those Files To A Single File In The Same Sequence. |
| Merge/purge | The Process Of Identifying And Eliminating Duplicates Among Two Or More Mailing Lists. Or The Merging Of Two Or More Files In The Matching Process To Produce One File Free Of Duplicates. |
| Merge-scan | A ‘join Method’ Useful When Both Tables Are Pre-sorted On The Join Attributes. |
| Metadata | Data About The Structure Of Data. See Reflexivity, Dictionary. |
| Method | An Action That May Be Performed On An Object. |
| Method Body | See Method Implementation. |
| Method Implementation | The (code Describing The) Operations That A Method Performs. |
| Method Invocation | The Act Of Performing The Action On The Object. May Be Seen As An Act Of Sending A Message To An Object. |
| Method Overloading | The Situation Where The Same Method Name (but Different Signatures) Is Used More Than Once In A Given Class. |
| Method Overriding | The Situation Where A Method Defined In A Superclass Is Redefined (with The Same Signature, But Different Implementation) In A Subclass. |
| Method Signature | A Description Of The Parameter Types And Return Type Of A Method. |
| Microsoft Access | An Example Of A Database Development Tool, Produced By Microsoft. |
| Microsoft Jet | A Driver For A Microsoft Access Database. |
| Mid | See Merchant Identification Number |
| Middleware | Software That Waits For Requests From Database Clients, Reinterprets The Requests, And Passes Them On To A Dbms. |
| Migration | The Event Of An Object Moving From A Superclass To A Subclass (specialization) Or Vice-versa (generalization). |
| Min | Sql Keyword. Used To Perform An Aggregate Query That Returns The Minimum Value Of An Attribute. |
| Minimal | A Set F Of Function Dependencies Is Minimal If (i) Every Function Dependency In F Is Of The Form X A Where A Is A Single Attribute, (ii) If Any X A In F Is Replaced By Y A, Where Y Is A Proper Subset Of X, The New Set Of Functional Dependencies Is Not Equivalent To F, And (iii) If Any X A Is Removed From F, The New Set Of Functional Dependencies Is Not Equivalent To F. |
| Minimal Cover | A Minimal Cover Fmin For A Set Of Functional Dependencies F Is A Minimal Set Of Functional Dependencies That Covers F. |
| Minute | Sql Keyword. Used To Specify Interval Attributes. |
| Modification Anomaly | An Inconsistency Introduced Into A Badly Designed Database When Data Values Are Changed Without Taking Into Account The Bad Design. |
| Month | Sql Keyword. Used To Specify Interval Attributes. |
| Monthly Service Fee | A Fee Charged To Merchants By Some Merchant Account Providers, Which Can Be Used To Lower The Discount Rate (similar To An Annual Fee). |
| Multibuyer | A Name That Appears On More Than One Mail File. |
| Multidetermine | X Multidetermines Y Means X Y. (see Mvd). |
| Multiple Inheritance | The Situation Where A Class Is A Subclass Of More Than One Superclass. |
| Multiplicity | Characteristic Of A Role. It Indicates How Many Objects Of One Type Fulfil The Role For The Object At The Other End Of The Association. |
| Multi-target Method | A Method Which Can Be Applied To Any Of A Number Of Objects. |
| Multivalued Dependency | See Mvd. |
| Multivalued Domain | A Data Type Where The Variable May Take On More Than One Value At A Time. |
| Multivalued Fact | Information About Something That May Take On More Than One Value Simultaneously. For Example, Invoicenumber For Customer. See ‘independent Multivalued Fact’, ‘fourth Normal Form’. |
| Mvd | Multivalued Dependency. Occurs When Two Or More Independent Multivalued Facts Are Stored In A Single Table. Formally, A Multivalued Dependency X Y Specifies The Following Constraint: If Tuples T1 And T2 Exist With T1 |
| Name | Sql-3 Keyword. Part Of The Syntax For ‘external’. |
| Name Conflicts | A Problem With Multiple Inheritance, Where Two Superclasses Of A Class Use The Same Name For Different Properties. |
| Natural Join | An Operator Combining Tuples Of Two Relations R1 And R2 On Sets Of Attributes X1 And X2. The New Tuples Are Formed On X1x2 By Combining Tuples From R1 And R2 For Which X1x2 Match. R1r2 = {t On X1x2 : T |
| Nested Loop | A ‘join Method’ Where The Attributes Of One Table Are Looped Through Once For Each Tuple In The Other. |
| Nested Query | A Select Statement (sql Query) Used As Part Of The With Clause Of Another Query, And Used As A Source Of Data Against Which To Compare Attributes. |
| Nested Relation | A Relation Stored Within The Tuples Of Another Relation. |
| Nesting | In Sql-3 – Taking Data On The Same Level, And (for Example By Means Of The ‘set’ Aggregate Operator) Returning A More Multi-levelled Data Structure From A Query. |
| Network Data Model | A Data Model Using Graphs To Organise Data |
| New | An O2 Keyword Used To Invoke The Method That Creates An Object. |
| Next | A Method Of Resultset That Moves The Resultset’s (inbuilt) Cursor To The Next Row Of The Table (or To The First Row When Next Is Called For The First Time) It Returns True If Successful, Or False If All Rows Of The Resultset Have Already Been Read. |
| Nil | O2 Keyword For The Null Value. |
| No Action | Sql Keyword. Indicates Behaviour Of The Rdbms When An Object Is Modified (deleted Or Changed) When There Are Other Objects Dependent On It. See Cascade, Set Null, Set Default, No Action, On Update, On Delete. |
| No-information | A Null Value Indicating That It Is Not Known Whether Information Exists, And Even If It Does, The Value Is Unknown. Eg. “phone Number” For A Person Who May Or May Not Have A Phone. In Practice The Situation Faced By Users Of Databases With Null Values. |
| Non-additive Join Property | See Lossless Join Property. |
| Non-existent Value | A Null Value Indicating That The Information Does Not Exist, For Example “phone Number” For A Person Who Has No Phone. |
| Nonprime Attribute | An Attribute Which Does Not Form Part Of Any Candidate Key. Contrast With ‘prime Attribute’. |
| Nontrivial Functional Dependency | A Functional Dependency X Y Where Y Is Not A Subset Of X. |
| Nontrivial Mvd | A Mvd Which Is Not Trivial. That Is, X Y Where Y Is Not A Subset Of X, Nor Is X Y Equal To R. |
| Normal Form | A Convention For Good Database Design. See First Normal Form, Second Normal Form, Etc Up To Fifth Normal Form. Also Boyce-codd Normal Form. |
| Normalisation | The Process Of Structuring Data To Minimise Duplication And Inconsistencies. The Process Usually Involves Breaking Down A Single Table Into Two Or More Tables And Defining Relationships Between Those Tables. Normalisation Is Usually Done In Stages, With Each Stage Applying More Rigourous Rules To The Types Of Information Which Can Be Stored In A Table. While Full Adherence To Normalisation Principles Increases The Efficiency Of A Particular Database, The Process Can Become So Esoteric That You Need A Professional To Create And Understand The Table Design. Most People, When Creating A Database, Don’t Need To Go Beyond The Third Level Of Normalisation, Called Third Normal Form. And There’s No Need To Know The Terminology: Simply Applying The Principles Is Sufficient. |
| Normalization Algorithm | An Algorithm For Taking An Unnormalized Relation And Putting It Into A Higher Normal Form. |
| Normalized | Elimination Of Redundancy In Databases So That All Columns Depend On A Primary Key. |
| Not Exists | Sql Keyword. Used With Nested Queries. Not Exists (query) Returns True If Query Returns No Rows At All. |
| Not In | Sql Keyword. Used With Nested Queries. Attr Not In (query) Is Equivalent To Attr <> All (query). |
| Not Null | Sql Keyword. Constraint That The Given Attribute May Not Be Null. |
| Notification | Notification May Be Active Or Passive. A Passive System Can Minimally Determine If An Object Has Changed State. An Active System May Provide For An Application To Be Informed When An Object Is Modified. |
| Noun-phrase Analysis | A Tool For Identifying Concepts, Where Noun Phrases In The Requirements Documents Are Sought. |
| Nth Name Selection | A Fractional Unit That Is Repeated In Sampling A Mailing List. For Example An “every Tenth” Sample, You Would Select The 1st, 11th, 21st, 31st, Etc., Records Only. |
| Null | Sql Keyword Indicating A Null Value. See Also ‘not Null’ |
| Null Value | A Special Value A Tuple Can Assume On An Attribute, Denoting An Absence Of Information. See Unknown Value, Non-existent Value And No-information. |
| Numeric | Sql Keyword: Domain Of Exact Numbers, Either Integral Or With A Given Number Of Decimal Places. See Also Decimal. |
| O2 | A Specific Example Of An Oodbms. |
| Object Data Model | A Data Model Encapsulating An Object-oriented Approach. |
| Object Identifier | See Oid. |
| Object Identity | The Property Of Oodbmss That Objects Have Oids. |
| Object Relationships | Object Relationships Define Association With Other Objects, And Whether Objects Can Detect Each Other In One Direction Or Two Directions. Two Way Object Relationships May Allow For Garbage Collection. |
| Object-oriented Analysis | An Analysis Of A Problem Domain That Divides It According To Objects And Classes, That Is, Things And Types. |
| Object-valued | An Object Valued Property Is A Property Whose Value Is An Instance Of An Object, That Is, An Oid Of An Object. |
| Ocr | (optical Character Recognition) - A Process By Which Data Printed On Paper May Be Transferred To Processible Media Without Keying. The Process Requires That Characters Be Printed I A Special Type Style Or Font Typically Either Ocr-a Or Ocr-b, Which Are The Styles Expected By Computer Peripheral Devices Called Optical Scanners Which Read The Characters On The Paper Through Use Of Light Sensitive Devices And Through A Process Of Reflection And Non-reflection, Detect The Character And Transfer It To Processible Media For Subsequent Processing. |
| Odbc | ‘other Database Connectivity’. A Standard Protocol That Allows Applications To Communicate With Databases Without Having To Know In Advance Which Particular Database Server Products It Will Need To Connect To. |
| Odbms | Object Database Management System. |
| Of | Sql Keyword. Part Of The Syntax Used To Declare (create) Cursors. See ‘cursor For’ |
| Of Type | Sql-3 Keyword Used To Define A Table Whose Rows Are Of A Predefined Tuple Type. |
| Offline Processing | Authorizing And Settling Orders With A Swipe Terminal, Or Credit Card Imprinter. Contrast With Online Processing |
| Oid | Object Identifier. A Key Used To Uniquely Identify An Object. |
| On | Sql Keyword. See On Delete, On Update |
| On Delete | Sql Keyword. The Beginning Of A Clause Indicating The Behaviour Of The Rdbms When An Object Is Deleted When There Are Other Objects Dependent On It. See Cascade, Set Null, Set Default, No Action, On Update, On Delete. |
| On Update | Sql Keyword. The Beginning Of A Clause Indicating The Behaviour Of The Rdbms When An Object Is Changed When There Are Other Objects Dependent On It. See Cascade, Set Null, Set Default, No Action, On Update, On Delete. |
| One-to-many Association | An Association Between Two Classes A And B, Where Each A May Be Associated With Many B’s, But Each B Is Only Associated With One A. See Multiplicity. |
| One-to-one Association | An Association Between Two Classes A And B, Where Each A Is Associated With Only One B, And Vice-versa. See Multiplicity. |
| Online Processing | Authorizing And Settling Orders Online Through The Use Of An Order System Through A Gateway To A Payment Processor And Issuing Bank Or Credit Card Association And A Merchant Account. Contrast With Offline Processing |
| Oodbms | Object-oriented Dbms. |
| Open | Sql Keyword. Used To Run The Query Associated With A Cursor, And Begin To Manipulate The Data. See ‘cursor’. Syntax: Open Cursorname. |
| Optimisation | The Process Of Choosing “the Best” Of Several Equivalent Forms Of A Query, For Example (in ‘cost-based’ Optimisation) Choosing The Form With The Lowest Estimated Cost (see ‘cost Model’). |
| Oql | Object Query Language, Is A Data Manipulation Language For Object Databases Although Many Object Databases Do Not Support It. They Rely On Object Class Extensions Or Interfaces For Their Support. |
| Or | Sql Keyword: Used As A Boolean Operator To Construct The Where Clause Of A Query. |
| Ordbms | Object-relational Dbms. An Rdbms With Some Object-oriented Concepts Added. An Example Is Sql-3. |
| Order | The Goods Or Services Purchased By The Buyer From The Merchant. |
| Order By | Sql Keyword: Used To Sort The Output Of A Query. See Asc, Desc. |
| Ordered | Uml Keyword: Used To Denote That Objects Associated With Another Are To Be Kept In Some Order. |
| Ordered Association | An Association Where The Ordered Keyword Is Applied. |
| Orthogonal | The Constructors For Various Data Types In O2 And Sql Are ‘orthogonal’, Meaning They Can Be Arbitrarily Nested. |
| Other Database Connectivity | See Odbc. |
| Outer Join | A Natural Join Augmented With Tuples Derived From Tuples Of R1 Or R2 For Which No Matching Tuple In The Other Relation Exists. New Tuples Are Padded With Blanks For The Missing Values. See Left Outer Join, Right Outer Join And Full Outer Join. |
| Output Parameter | The Data That A Method Returns Back To The Caller. That Is, The Return Value. |
| Overloading | See Method Overloading. |
| Overriding | See Method Overriding. |
| Ownership | A Package ‘owns’ A Class If The Package Contains The Class. |
| Package | Used To Group Together Classes Which Are Similar Or Related In Some Way, To Ease The Software Development Process. |
| Page | A Block Of Memory. |
| Parameter | See Input Parameter, Output Parameter. |
| Partial Dependency | A Functional Dependency X Y Where X’ Y Also Holds For Some Proper Subset X’ Of X. See Also ‘full Functional Dependency’ |
| Partition | See Conceptual Class Partition. |
| Payment Options | The Choices Buyers Have For Payment When Placing On Order On A Merchant's Site (for Example Visa, Mastercard, Discover, Paypal). Merchants Can Add Only Those Payment Methods For Which They Are Set Up To Receive Through Their Merchant Account Provider. Adding Unsupported Payment Methods On The Payment Center > Payment Options Page Of The Store Manager Will Result In Errors. Merchant Should Contact Their Merchant Account Provider To Resolve Such Errors. |
| Payment Processor | Responsible For Contacting Issuing Banks Or Credit Card Associations On Behalf Of The Merchant Account Provider To Request Authorization And Settlement Of Credit Card Transactions. |
| Persistence | Databases Provide Persistance Which For Object Databases Means Object Can Be Stored Between Database Runs. |
| Persistent | The Lifespan Of A Database Extends Beyond That Of The Program Using It. |
| Physical Independence | (see Data Independence) The Interaction With The Dbms Does Not Depend On How The Data Is Physically Stored On The Disk (or Elsewhere). |
| Pipelining | A Memory-saving Technique Of Performing Several Operations Tuple By Tuple, And So Not Storing Intermediate Tables. |
| Pl/sql | An Extension Of Sql Marketed By Oracle. |
| Point Of Sale (pos) | The Place Where A Sale Occurs In A Physical Retail Store. Pos Sales Are Conducted Most Often Through Swipe Terminals But Also With Credit Card Imprinters Or Phone Approvals. |
| Pointer-based Model | A Logical Data Model Where Pointers Are Used To Refer To Data In Different Parts Of The Database. |
| Polymorphic Value | A Value That May Belong To Any Of A Number Of Types. An Example Is ‘nil’ (the Null Value). |
| Predicate | A Function Associating A Value True Or False With An Instance Of A Database |
| Prepare - Sql Keyword. Used To Prepare An Sql Command From A String For Later Use. Syntax | Prepare Commandname From Sqlstring. See Also ‘deallocate Prepare’ |
| Preparedstatement | A Class In Java.sql That Represents A Precompiled Sql Command. |
| Primary Key | A Field That Uniquely Identifies A Record In A Table. In A Students Table, For Instance, A Key Built From Last Name + First Name Might Not Give You A Unique Identifier (two Or More Jane Does In The School, For Example). To Uniquely Identify Each Student, You Might Add A Special Student Id Field To Be Used As The Primary Key. |
| Prime Attribute | An Attribute Which Is A Member Of Some Candidate Key. Contrast With ‘nonprime Attribute’ |
| Print Image | The Form Of Data Representation From Which Logical Print Lines Can Be Displayed On A Printer With No Intermediate Format Manipulation Necessary. |
| Printout | A Hard Copy Display Of Information Or Data. |
| Privacy | Each User Is Qualified To Perform Only Certain Actions On The Database. |
| Private Method | A Method That May Only Be Called By Other Methods Of The Same Class. See ‘public Method’ |
| Privilege | A ‘permission’ To Do Something On Some Component Of A Database (some ‘resource’) |
| Procedure | Sql Keyword. Used To Define A Procedure. Under Standard Sql, A Procedure May Only Contain A Single Sql Statement. Many Dbmss Relax This Restriction. |
| Projection | An Operator That Takes A Relation And Returns A New Relation Whose Attributes Are A Subset Of The Original. |
| Projective Rule | An Inference Rule For Functional Dependencies. Also Called Decomposition Rule. If X Yz Then X Y (and X Z). |
| Proof By Contradiction | A Method Of Proof Where One Assumes The Opposite Of The Thing One Is Trying To Prove, And Deduces A Contradiction. |
| Properties | The Properties Of An Object Are The Data Members That Make Up The Object, That Is, The Attributes Of The Type Of The Object. |
| Pseudotransitive Rule | An Inference Rule For Functional Dependencies. If X Y And Wy Z, Then Wx Z. |
| Public Method | A Method That Is Accessible By Any Component Of The System. See ‘private Method’ |
| Purge | The Process Of Eliminating Duplicates And/ Or Unwanted Names And Addresses From One Or More Lists. |
| Push (up Or Down) | A Term Used By Blaha To Indicate A Strategy Where A Subclass Or A Superclass Is Not Represented In The Rdbms, And Its Attributes Are Stored In The Superclass Or Subclass Table Instead. |
| Qualified Association | An Association With A Qualifier. |
| Qualifier | Information Added To An Association In A Uml Diagram To Give More Information On How An Association Is Implemented. |
| Query | A View Of Your Data Showing Information From One Or More Tables. For Instance, Using The Sample Database We Used When Describing Normalisation, You Could Query The Students Database Asking “show Me The First And Last Names Of The Students Who Take Both History And Geography And Have Alice Hernandez As Their Advisor” Such A Query Displays Information From The Students Table (firstname, Lastname), Courses Table (course Description) And Advisor Table (advisor Name), Using The Keys (student Id, Course Id, Advisor Id) To Find Matching Information. |
| Query Language | A Language In Which Queries May Be Expressed. |
| Rdbms | Relational Database Management System. A Program Which Lets You Manage Structured Information Stored In Tables And Which Can Handle Databases Consisting Of Multiple Tables. |
| Read Only | Sql Keyword. Used In The Creation Of A Cursor To Indicate That The Data Returned By The Query May Not Be Modified. |
| Real | Sql Keyword. Domain Of Lower Precision Values. See Double Precision, Float. |
| Reauthorize(paypal Transactions Only) | Use This Button To Reauthorize An Order. Reauthorizing Ensures That Funds Authorized For An Order Are Still Available For Capture When The Order Is Ready To Be Processed. It Is Not Possible To Reauthorize Within The 3-day Honor Period Of Paypal During Which Paypal Guarantees Funds Are Available. |
| Record | A Record Contains All The Information About A Single ‘member’ Of A Table. In A Students Table, Each Student’s Details (name, Date Of Birth, Contact Details, And So On) Will Be Contained In Its Own Record. |
| Record Source | Microsoft Access Keyword. The Property Of A Form That Indicates The Source Of The Data It Displays. |
| Record-of | O2 Keyword Allowing The Construction Of Records. |
| Ref | Sql-3 Keyword. Used To Define An Attribute To Have Values That Reference A Particular Type Of Tuple. |
| References | Sql Keyword: Specifying A Referential Constraint. The Values Of The Given Attribute(s) Match Values Of Other Attributes In Other Table. |
| Referential Constraint | (also: Foreign Key Constraint). A Constraint Ensuring, For A Set Of Attributes A Of A Relation R1, And A Corresponding Set Of Attributes B Of R2, And Is A Key (the Primary Key?) For R2, That For Every Tuple T1 Of R1, There Exists A Tuple T2 Of R2 For Which T1 |
| Refinement | Properties And A Method’s Input Parameters Can Be Refined By Giving Them New Types Which Are Subtypes (or In Some Cases, Supertypes) Of The Original Types. See ‘covariance’ And ‘contravariance’ |
| Reflexive Association | An Association Of A Concept With Itself. |
| Reflexive Rule | An Inference Rule For Functional Dependencies. If Y Is A Subset Of X, Then Y Is Functionally Dependent On X. An Alternative (but Not Equivalent) Definition: X Is Functionally Dependent On X. |
| Reflexivity | The Property Of A Dbms That It Can Store, As Data, Data About Data. See Metadata, Dictionary. |
| Reformat | The Process Of Reading Data From One Physical Storage Medium And Writing It On Another. During The Process Certain Fields Are Relocated From A Positional Standpoint And/ Or Dropping Fields Or Reorganizing The Data Within Fields. Often, Other Steps Are Incorporated In The Reformat, Such As Insertion Of Data From A Second Input File, Or Data Generated By The Reformat Program Itself, Such As A Sweepstakes Number. |
| Refund Transaction(paypal Transactions Only) | Use This Button To Refund An Order Where You Have Captured Funds. |
| Relation | A Subset Of A Cartesian Product |
| Relation Instance | A Relation, In The Second Sense. |
| Relation Profile | Statistical Information About A Relation, Such As The Number Of Tuples, The Number Of Bytes Per Tuple, Etc. Used In Cost-based Optimisation To Estimate The Cost. |
| Relation Schema | The Name Of The Relation R, And A Set X Of Names Of The Attributes. Normally Denoted R(x). |
| Relational Data Model | A Data Model Using Tables (relations) To Organise Data. |
| Relational Database | A Database Consisting Of More Than One Table. In A Multi-table Database, You Not Only Need To Define The Structure Of Each Table, You Also Need To Define The Relationships Between Each Table In Order To Link Those Tables Correctly. |
| Relational Synthesis Algorithm | An Algorithm For Decomposing A (universal) Relation Schema Into A Decomposition With The Dependency Preservation Property. Examples Are Algorithms 15.1 And 15.4 Of Elmasari. Contrast With Decomposition Algorithm. |
| Relationship | A Relationship Is Used To Link Two Tables Through A Common Field. |
| Relative | Sql Keyword. Used In A ‘fetch’ Statement To Move A Given Number Of Rows Forwards Or Backwards In The Query. |
| Reliability | The Dbms Is Able To Preserve The Contents Of The Db. |
| Renaming | An Operator On A Relation That Changes The Name Of An Attribute. It May Be Used To Allow Unions Etc Of Relations With Similar But Differently-named Schemas. |
| Replication Rule | An Inference Rule For Mvds And Fds. {x Y} X Y. |
| Report | A Form Designed To Print Information From A Database (either On The Screen, To A File Or Directly To The Printer). |
| Resource | A Component Of A Database (usually A Table, View Or Attribute) On Which Privileges May Be Granted Or Revoked To Or From Users. |
| Restrict | Sql Keyword. Used To Disallow A Drop Command If Components Exist That Depend On The “dropped’ Component. |
| Resultset | A Class In Java.sql Containing The Results Of The Execution Of A Select Command. |
| Resultsetmetadata | A Class In Sql Containing Information (attribute Names And Types) About A Resultset |
| Returns | Sql-3 Keyword. Used To Denote The Type And/or Value That A Function Returns. |
| Revoke | Sql Keyword. Used To Remove Privileges From Users. Syntax: Revoke Priv On Res From Users |
| Right [outer] Join | Sql Keyword: Used To Join Two Tables Before Selecting From Them. See Join. |
| Right Outer Join | An Outer Join R1 Right R2 Where Dangling Tuples From R2 Are Padded With Blanks And Inserted Into The Join. |
| Risk Tools | A Feature That Allow Merchants To Configure Rules For Marking Transactions As Approved Or Flagged Based On Avs And Cvv Responses. Merchants Can Choose To Enable Or Disable Risk Tools For Their Store. They Can Set An Order Minimum At Which All Orders Will Be Processed According To Avs Rules And Cvv Rules As Set By The Merchant. |
| Role | One End Of An Association. May Have A Name, Multiplicity And Navigability. |
| Row Type | Sql-3 Keyword Used To Create And Manipulate Tuple Types. |
| Sale | Occurs When A Merchant Processes An Order Which Is Then Stored In A Batch For Later Processing And Settlement. For Yahoo! Store Merchants, A Sale Is Processed By Clicking The 'sale' Button On The Transaction Panel. |
| Scan Operation | A Sequential Access To All Tuples Of A Table, Perhaps Performing Various Operations On The Tuples Along The Way. |
| Schema | The Characteristics Of The Data (not The Data Itself) Within The Database. |
| Schema (of A Relation Or Table) | Its Heading (or Name), Followed By (in Brackets) The Names Of Its Attributes. Eg “teaching(course, Tutor)” |
| Scope For | Sql-3 Keyword. Used To Specify That The Give Attribute Must Take Values From A Given Table. Syntax: ‘scope For Attr Is Table’ |
| Scroll | Sql Keyword. Used When Creating A Cursor To Indicate That A Program Should Be Allowed To Move Freely Across The Results Of A Query. See ‘cursor For’ |
| Second | Sql Keyword. Used To Specify Interval Attributes. |
| Second Normal Form | A Nonkey Field In A Table Must Be Information About The Whole Key, Not Just Part Of The Key. |
| Second Normal Form (2nf) | No Non-key Fields May Depend On A Portion Of The Primary Key. |
| Secondary Key | A Candidate Key Which Was Not Selected To Be The Primary Key. |
| Secure Server | All Yahoo! Store Servers That Handle Credit Cards Use Ssl (secure Socket Layer) Encrypted Communications. The Information Passed Between The Buyer And The Merchant's Site Is Encrypted So That Data That May Be Intercepted Is Unreadable. |
| Seed Name | A Unique Name Inserted In A Mailing List For The Purpose Of Tracking List Usage. |
| Select | Sql Keyword. Used To Construct A Query. Specifies What Attributes To Select. |
| Selection | An Operator That Takes A Relation And Returns A New Relation On The Same Attributes, With Only Those Rows Satisfying A Given Boolean Expression (prepositional Formula). |
| Semantics | The Semantics Of A Schema Gives Its Meaning, That Is, How The Tables And Attributes Correspond To Real-world Things. |
| Sequence | An Ordering Of Records Based On One Or More Fields Contained In The File. Examples Include Zip Code Sequence, Alpha By Surname Within Zip Code. |
| Sequentially Ordered Organisation | A Way Data May Be Arranged In Memory (primary Or Secondary). The Sequence Of Tuples Is Dictated By Values Assumed By Attributes In The Tuples. |
| Service Bureau | A Data Processing Company, Which Uses Computer Hardware And Software To Perform Application Functions For Others. |
| Set | Sql Keyword. Used With ‘update’ To Modify The Data In A Table. Specifically, ‘set’ Identifies The Attribute(s) To Be Modified, And Their New Values. |
| Set Constraints | Sql Keyword. Used To Specify Whether A Given Constraint Should Be Checked Every Time An Operation Is Performed On The Database, Or Only At The End Of A ‘transaction’. See Immediate, Deferred. |
| Set Default | Sql Keyword. Indicates Behaviour Of The Rdbms When An Object Is Modified (deleted Or Changed) When There Are Other Objects Dependent On It. See Cascade, Set Null, Set Default, No Action, On Update, On Delete. |
| Set Null | Sql Keyword. Indicates Behaviour Of The Rdbms When An Object Is Modified (deleted Or Changed) When There Are Other Objects Dependent On It. See Cascade, Set Null, Set Default, No Action, On Update, On Delete. |
| Setof | Sql-3 Keyword Allowing The Construction Of Sets. |
| Set-of | O2 Keyword Allowing The Construction Of Sets. |
| Set-oriented Approach | The Manipulation Of Data In Sets, As In Sql. See Tuple-oriented Approach, Impedance Mismatch. |
| Settlement | A Process In Which A Transaction Is Processed Between A Merchant Account Provider And The Issuing Bank Or Credit Card Association Of The Buyer. In The Case Of A Sale, Funds Are Transferred From The Issuing Bank/card Association To The Merchant's Account. The Details Of Each Settlement Can Be Reviewed By Merchants By Reviewing Batches. |
| Setup Fee | This Is A Fee For Processing The Application Paperwork And Setting Up A Merchant Account With Some Merchant Account Providers. |
| Shared Aggregation | An Aggregation Where The ‘part’ May Belong To More Than One ‘whole’. Contrast With Composition. |
| Shopping Cart | The Page Or Online Basket In A Merchant's Site Which Displays The Quantity And Price Of Items Selected For Ordering By Customers. Buyers Enter The Checkout Process By Clicking The 'check Out' Button. |
| Show Plan | Sql Keyword. Used To Identify How A Particular Query Will Be Executed. In Particular This Will Show What Indexes (if Any) Are Being Used. |
| Signature | See ‘method Signature’. |
| Simple Attribute | Basic Data Type Such As Text, Number, Date, Time, Boolean, Enumerated Type, And So On. |
| Smallint | Sql Keyword. Domain Of Small Integers. See Also Integer. |
| Soft Goods | Goods Which Are Downloaded From The Merchant Such As E-books Or Downloadable Software. Compare To Hard Goods |
| Software Class Hierarchy | A Class Hierarchy Implemented In Software. |
| Sort | A Processing Function Which Arranges A File In A Specified Sequence. |
| Sort Operation | The Action Of Sorting The Data Stored In The Database. |
| Source Code | Unique Alphabetical And/ Or Numerical Identifier, Which Signifies The Specific Origin. |
| Specialization | The Process Where From A General Concept, More Specific Concepts Are Derived. See Generalization, Subclass. |
| Specification Class | A Class Used To Contain Information About Objects Of Another Class. |
| Spurious Tuple | A Tuple In A Join Between Two (badly Designed) Relations That Contains Wrong Information, Even Though The Original Relations Contained Correct Information. See Also ‘lossless Join Property’ |
| Sql | Structured Query Language Is A Standard Language For Communication With A Relational Database Management System (rdbms). Structured Query Language, Is A Data Manipulation Language Which Is A Standard For Getting And Storing Data In An Rdbms. |
| Sqlexception | An Exception Thrown By The Executexxx Methods Of Statement If There Are Problems With The Statement. |
| Sqlj | Supports Structured Query Language (sql) Calls For Java. It Consists Of A Language Allowing Sql Statements To Be Embedded In It, A Translator, And A Runtime Model. |
| Ssl | The Industry Standard Encryption System That Allows For Secure Transmission Of Data Between Buyers And Merchant Sites. Ssl Stands For Secure Socket Layer. |
| State (of A Database) | See Instance. |
| State (of An Object) | The Values Of Its Attributes. |
| Statement | A Class In Java.sql That Includes Methods For Sending Sql Commands To The Database Server. |
| Static Properties | That Part Of A Class Or Type Definition Describing The Structure Of The Objects (that Is, The Data). See Dynamic Properties. |
| Structural Complexity (of Objects) | The Fact That Objects Can Be Of Types Formed From Arbitrarily Nested Complex Data Type Constructors. |
| Structured Analysis | An Analysis Of A Problem Domain That Divides It According To Functions And Procedures. |
| Structured Domain | A Data Type That Has A Complex Structure, Eg Address. |
| Structured Query Language | See Sql. |
| Subclass | A Specialization Of A Superclass. Related To The Superclass Via An ‘is-a’ Relationship. The Is A |
| Submission | The Process Whereby Batches Are Sent To Fdms For Settlement. This Process Happens Anywhere Between 6-11 Pm (pst) By Default (see Automated Daily Batch Submission). Merchant Can Elect To Submit Batches Manually At Any Time. |
| Sum | Sql Keyword. Used To Perform An Aggregate Query That Adds Up The Values Of An Attribute. |
| Superclass | A Generalization Of A Subclass. Related To The Subclass Via An ‘is-a’ Relationship. The Is A |
| Superficial Equality | Two Objects Are Superficially Equal If They Have The Same State. Superficial Equality Implies Deep Equality, But Not Vice Versa. See Also Identical. |
| Superkey | A Set Of Attributes A For A Relation R For Which There Are No Two Distinct Tuples T1 And T2 In R For Which T1 |
| Swipe Terminal | A Terminal Which Reads The Magnetic Strip On A Credit Card And Transmits The Data For The Purpose Of Conducting A Sale. |
| Symbol | Words Or Images Used To Represent A Conceptual Class |
| Symmetric Association | A Reflexive Association Where The Two Roles Are Interchangeable. Example: Person Is-a-friend-of Person. See Reflexive Association, Role. |
| Synthesis Algorithm | See ‘relation Synthesis Algorithm’. |
| System | See ‘_system’. |
| Table | A Single Store Of Related Information. A Table Consists Of Records, And Each Record Is Made Up Of A Number Of Fields. You Can Think Of The Phone Book As A Table: It Contains A Record For Each Telephone Subscriber, And Each Subscriber’s Details Are Name, Address And Telephone. |
| Tape Dump | A Small Listing Of The Info Contained On A Tape That Displays The Data In Character And/ Or Hexadecimal Format. |
| Target | The Object To Which A Method Is Applied. |
| Terminal Identification Number | The Identification Number Of A Specific Terminal Or Workstation Which Is Provided By The Merchant Account Provider To The Merchant. Typically, The Number Is Seven Digits Long Not Including Any Leading Zeroes. This Number Is Required To Set Up Online Processing Through Fdms. |
| Ternary Association | An Association Between Three Different Classes. |
| Theta-join | The Selection Of A Cartesian Product. |
| Third Normal Form (3fn) | No Fields May Depend On Other Non-key Fields. In Other Words, Each Field In A Record Should Contain Information About The Entity That Is Defined By The Primary Key. |
| Three-tiered Architecture | A System Architecture Where User Applications (databse Clients) Do Not Communicate Directly With A Dbms (database Server) Directly, But Rather, Communicate With Other Software (middleware) As An Intermediary. |
| Throughput | A Quantitative Description Of The Amount Of Final Output Processed In A Given Amount Of Time. |
| Tid | See Terminal Identification Number |
| Time | Sql Keyword. Domain Of Time Values. See Also Timestamp, Time Zone. |
| Time Zone | Sql Keyword. See ‘with Time Zone’. |
| Timestamp | Sql Keyword. Domain Of Date+time Values. See Also Date, Time, Time Zone. |
| To | Sql Keyword. Used To Specify Interval Attributes. |
| Top-down Design | A Design Methodology That Begins By Creating A Conceptual Model (a Domain Model), And Translates This Into A Collection Of Tables. |
| Transaction | The Action Between Buyer (cardholder) And Merchant That Affects The Financial Standing Of The Buyer And Merchant. Transactions Can Include Sales, Credits, And Voids. There Is Typically A Fee Associated With Each Transaction That Is Initiated By The Merchant. |
| Transaction Fee | The Per-item Cost Associated With Each Transaction Through A Merchant Account Provider. |
| Transaction Panel | The Controls Found In The Yahoo! Store Order Manager When Viewing An Order (individual Or Range). This Panel Appears At The Bottom Of The Order Page And Only Appears When The Merchant Has Successfully Set Up Their Store For Online Payment Processing. The Panel Displays The Name Of The Payment Processor, The Amount Of The Sale, And Links To Submit And Review Batches (applicable Only To Fdms Compatible Merchant Accounts). The Panel Also Contains Buttons For Processing The Order. Merchants Can Only Process An Order By Clicking The 'sale' Or 'capture Funds' Button (depending On Which Payment Processor You Have Set Up) Which Then Stores The Sale In The Batch For Later Processing (for Fdms Compatible Merchant Accounts) Or Settles The Transaction Immediately In The Case Of Paypal. After Processing The Sale, Merchants Will See Another Button⊔'void Sale' (fdms) Or 'refund Transaction' (paypal). For Orders Processed Through First Data▢/fdms, Merchants Can Click The Void Sale Button Prior To The Batch Submitting (6-11 Pm Pst) To Remove The Sale From The Batch. Merchant Can Click 'credit' To Issue A Credit To The Cardholder For An Order. For Orders Processed Through Paypal, Merchants Can Click Refund Transaction To Issue A Full Or Partial Refund On The Transaction. |
| Transaction Processing | Some Databases May Have Some Form Of Transaction Processing Which May Support Concurrency. Transaction Processing Will Ensure That The Entire Transaction Is Made Or None Of It Is Made. Transactions Support Concurrency And Data Recovery. A Data Failure Will Cause A Rollback Of Data. |
| Transformer | A Method Used To Change The Data Stored In An Object. |
| Transitive Dependency | A Functional Dependency X Y Is A Transitive Dependency If There Exists A Set Of Attributes Z Which Is Not A Subset (or Equal To) Any Key, With X Z And Z Y. See ‘third Normal Form’ |
| Transitive Rule | An Inference Rule For Functional Dependencies. If X Y And Y Z, Then X Z. |
| Trivial Functional Dependency | A Functional Dependency X Y Where Y Is A Subset Of X. |
| Trivial Mvd | A Mvd X Y Where Either Y Is A Subset Of X Or X Y = R. |
| Truncate | To Drop Characters At The End Of A Data Field Because The Info Keyed Is Too Long To Fit In The Record Positions In Which It Must Be Stored. |
| Tuple | A Function From A Set Of Attributes To A Collection Of Elements From The Domains Of The Attributes. Conceptually Similar To An Ordered Pair Or Triple Etc. |
| Tuple Constraint | A Form Of Intra-relational Integrity Constraint Which May Be Evaluated Indivisually On Single Tuples Of The Relation. |
| Tuple Type | In An Ordbms, A Type That Describes The Data In A Row. See Also ‘row Type’. |
| Tuple-oriented Approach | The Manipulation Of Sets Of Data Tuple By Tuple, As In A Typical Procedural Language. See Set-oriented Approach, Impedance Mismatch. |
| Type | A Description Of Data And Method Signatures For An Object. Sometimes Called ‘class’. |
| Type Constructor | Syntax Allowing Complex Types To Be Described In Terms Of Simpler Ones. |
| Uml | A Notation Used For Software And Conceptual Modelling. |
| Unavoidable Redundancy | A Situation In A Database Schema Where Data Must Be Replicated And There Is No Way To Modify The Schema And Remove The Redundancy. |
| Under | Sql-3 Keyword Used To Link Tables Or Types In A Class Hierarchy. |
| Unified Modeling Language | See Uml. |
| Uniform Resource Locator | See Url. |
| Union (of Two Relations) | The Union Of Two Relations R1 And R2 Is The Set Of Tuples That Belong To Either R1 Or R2. Note That R1 And R2 Must Be On The Same Schema For This To Make Sense In Terms Of Databases. |
| Union Rule | See Additive Rule. |
| Unique | Sql Keyword. A Constraint That The Given Attribute(s) Must Take On Unique Values In The Table. Cf. Primary Key. |
| Universal Relation Assumption | The Assumption That Every Attribute In The Universal Relation Schema Has A Unique Name. |
| Universal Relation Schema | A (schema For A) Single Relation Containing All The Attributes In The Database, Representing All The Information In The Database. May Be Obtained By Joining All The Tables In The Database. |
| Unknown Value | A Null Value Indicating That The Information Exists But Is Unknown. Eg, The Unknown Phone Number For A Person Who Is Known To Have A Phone. |
| Unnesting | Flattening Out A Complex Data Structure, Bringing Some Data Up From One Level Together With Data On Higher Levels. |
| Update | Sql Keyword. Used With ‘set’ To Modify Data In A Table. Specifically, Update Identifies The Table To Be Modified. |
| Update Anomalies | Inconsistencies That Arise When The Data In A Badly Designed Database Is Modified. See ‘insertion Anomalies’, ‘deletion Anomalies’, ‘modification Anomalies’. |
| Url | A Text String Giving The Unique Location Of A Resource On A Network (typically, On The Internet) |
| Usage | Sql Keyword. Denotes The Privilege Of Being Able To Use A Domain In The Definition Of A Table Or Schema. |
| User | Sql Keyword. In A Default Specification, Indicates That The Defaults Value Is To Be The Username Of The Database User. |
| Using | Sql Keyword. Used In An ‘execute’ Statement To Indicate Parameters To Be Fed Into The Wildcards Of A Previously Prepared Sql Command. |
| Value | The State Of An Object. |
| Value Constraint | See Domain Constraint. |
| Value-based Identity | Objects Are Distinguished Based On Their Values. The Primary Key For A Table Will Be A (combination Of) Natural Attribute(s) Of The Object. |
| Values | Sql Keyword. Used With ‘insert Into’ To Specify The Data Values To Be Added To The Table. |
| Values For | Sql-3 Keyword. See ‘are System Generated’ |
| Varbit | Sql Keyword. Short For ‘bit Varying’ |
| Varchar | Sql Keyword. Short For ‘character Varying’ |
| Variable Length Record | A Record With An Unfixed Number Of Fields And/ Or Characters. Normally A Maximum Size Of The Record Is Established Including A Maximum Length For Each Field, Regardless Of Whether Data Exists. However In Variable Length Records Individual Fields, Subject To Established Maximums, Are Only As Long As They Need To Be In A Given Circumstance And Their Ending/ Beginning Is Identified By Designated |
| Varying | Sql Keyword Indicating The Size Of The Given Attribute May Change. |
| Vba | Visual Basic For Applications – A Programming Language Used To Write Event Handlers And Procedures In Microsoft Access. |
| View | Usually, A Virtual Relation. See Also Materialized View. |
| Virtual Relation | Also Called View. A Derived Relation Not Physically Stored In The Database, But Named And Usable In Queries As If It Were. Contrast With Materialized View. |
| Visual Basic For Applications | See Vba. |
| Void | Removing A Sale Transaction From A Batch Prior To Settlement. It Is Not Possible To Void A Sale After The Batch Has Been Submitted. Merchants Must Issue A Credit To Offset A Sale If The Batch With The Sale Was Submitted. It Is Possible To Void A Credit In The Same Way A Sale Is Voided But Again Only Before The Batch With The Credit Is Submitted For Settlement. |
| Void Authorization | When A Buyer Places A Credit Card Order, An Authorization Is Placed On Their Credit Card For The Amount Of The Purchase. If You Find That You Need To Cancel An Order, Use The Void Authorization Button To Remove The Authorization On The Buyer's Credit Card Prior To Canceling The Order. |
| Web Server | A Software Program That Waits For Requests From A Web Browser. A Typical Example Of Middleware In A Three-tiered Database Architecture. |
| Where | Sql Keyword. Used To Construct Queries. Specifies Conditions To Be Satisfied On The Attributes Returned. |
| With | Sql Keyword. Used To Add A ‘check Option’ To A ‘view’. |
| With Grant Option | Sql Keyword. Used To Indicate That The User Receiving The Privilege May Also Pass It On To Others. |
| With Time Zone | Sql Keyword. Suffixed To Time Or Timestamp Domains To Indicate The Timezone Should Also Be Stored. |
| Year | Sql Keyword. Used To Help Specify Interval Attributes. |
| Zip Code Sequence | Arranging Names And Addresses In A List According To A Numeric Progression Of The Zip Code In Each Record. This Form Of List Formatting Is Mandatory For Mailing At Standard Third Class Mail Rates. |
| Zip Tally | A Report Which Shows How Many Mail Pieces There Are By Zip Code. Depending On The Mailing Discounts Required, It May Include The Number Per Carrier Route, Zip Code, Scf And State. |
Copyright © 2010 - Extriniti Technologies